Integrated optimization of charger deployment and fleet scheduling for battery electric buses

Battery electric buses (BEBs) are considered effective options for sustainable mobility. Their operational efficiency is significantly influenced by the deployment of charging infrastructure and scheduling bus fleet. In this research, we develop an integrated optimization model charger fleet BEBs under opportunity charging. The jointly optimizes battery nominal capacity, size, at stops central terminal to minimize total annualized costs. time-varying characteristics ridership, dwelling time, travel time investigate realistic solutions with supplied pantograph chargers. A real-life case study conducted in Oslo, Norway presented demonstrate proposed model, accordingly sensitivity analysis further carried out evaluate system responses a group impact factors. results indicate that BEB purchase costs energy consumption rate have significant impacts on costs, also imply has cost-effective advantage, which can save up 13.38% as compared end station using same type charger.